Vultures are most natural scavengers and they provide an ecological, economical and cultural value. Their presence near the dead body at dumping yard in villages, cities and towns are natural habitat They are carrion feeder. The present note is case of leuclsm or partial albln丨sm in Long-b川ed vulture (Gyps indicus) in Udaipur district Rajasthan. We observed leucism has not affected adults activities like- matting, incubation of egg, nest reconstruction and foraging.

  This study was taken to establish the existence of Cybister confusus beetles collected from four ponds located at different villages in Madhepura district (Bihar). The growth performance of beetles has been related to acidity (pH) and salinity (%). Distribution and abundance of beetles may probably be dependent upon water pH which is 5.6 to 6.2. They also show oligohaline in nature.

  The study describes water quality of River Punpun , Bihar, India. Seasonal changes in the water quality of the river observed during Monsoon, several water quality parameters show considerable changes due to increased run- off from the catchment area and other seasonal factors. A few parameters responsible for secular variation in water quality of the river Punpun was provided by these parameters. Water temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity,dissolved oxygen(DO), biological oxygen demand(BOD),chemical oxygen demand(COD)fsulphate, phosphate,free C02, total iron,total alkalinity, total hardness, nitrogen-nitrite, nitrogen-nitrate, carbonate, bi-carbonatejotal dissolved solids, total suspended solids,sodium, potassium calcium, magnesium, chloride.The seasonal changes in water quality of the river where due to seasonal effects and catchment area characteristics.

Physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis study is important to assess the acceptability of drinking water quality. The water samples of ten tube wells and ten open wells were collected from five different villages of Supaul district, Bihar for the study of physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of the water samples. The results revealed that the pH varied from 6.5 to 7.0, the electrical conductivity 415-490 pS/cm, carbon dioxide ranged from 4.8-7.8 ppm the total alkalinity ranged from 152­190 ppm total hardness 140-182 ppm dissolved oxygen 1.2-4.2 ppm ,BOD 1.2 -4.8 ppm and COD 38.0­68.0 ppm About 40% tube-wells were found to be polluted with FC (Faecal coliform bacteria) while those for 80% with TC (Total coliform bacteria). All the open wells were infected with FC and TC. The concentrations of testing parameter in the drinking water samples were beyond the permissible limit of the WHO and BIS. In this investigation it has been found that location of latrine，drain，bird’s excreta and sewerage line near tube wells and open wells are more likely the reason of contamination of water with both FC and TC. This maybe a major public health issue, and needs immediate attention forremedeal measures.

Purba Medinipur- 721152 ,West Bengal, India. | *e-mail – mrghorai@gmail.com

Subarnarekha is one of the most important river in India and it originates from Nagri villege near Ranchi district in the state of Jharkhand it traverses through the three states in India ( Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa), and finally join into the bay of Bengal near kirtania port of Baleswar district in the state of Orissa. The present investigation deals with the freshwater fish diversity, distribution and conservation status with respect to physico-chemical parameter of the water habitat during study period ( February 2018 -August 2019) in the middle part of Subarnarekha river at Ghatsila.

Total 58 fish species belonging to 10 order, 21 families and 37 genera have been recorded from two sampling station during the study period. Study revealed that the family cyprinidae was the most dominant group contributing 45% of the total fish species followed by other families. The Shannon – Weiner diversity index and Simpson Dominance index of two different sampling station was indicated that，the highest fish diversity index were recorded at station -II (Raatmohna Riverside) is 3.774 followed by station -1 ( Galudih) is3.770. Out of 58 species, 47 species under least concern (LC), 5 species under near threatened (NT), only 3 species that was under Vulnerable(VU), 3 species under Data Deficient (DD) but there is no species which belonging to under endanger category.

The study also revealed that the river is gradually threatened by discharging of industrial (Hindustan Copper Limited) and domestic effluents, pollution (plastic, agriculture etc.), climate change and several anthropogenic activity. Meanwhile, it is suggested that the administration and local people need to be a legal action urgently for save the fish diversity in near future

According to Biospectrum, 2018 the current cases of Parkinson’s disease in India are around 300-400 out of 100,000 which are expected to be more than double by 2030. 7 to 10 million people worldwide are living with Parkinson’s disease. L-DOPA is an amino acid used for treating Parkinson’s disease. The current study is based on the isolation and identification of the tyrosinase enzyme-producing bacterial isolates and their application in the production of L-DOPA. In total 57 bacterial isolates have been collected from different areas of Mandsaur, out of which 23 isolates through primary screening were identified for tyrosinase enzyme-producing by their appearance in brown colour colonies in tyrosine enriched media. Secondary screening was done based on extracellular tyrosinase enzyme activity and L-DOPA production. Based on the results of secondary screening, 2 out of 23 isolates were identified as potential tyrosinase producers, having the capacity to convert tyrosine substrate into L-DOPA. Depending on morphological and biochemical characters both the isolates were identified as Clostridium spp. and Citrobacter spp. Clostridium spp. was obtained from the soil of the canteen area of Mandsaur University, whereas Citrobacter spp. was isolated from fenugreek agriculture land. The tyrosinase enzyme activity was calculated as 3.83^103 and 3.88×103 lU/ml and the concentration of L-DOPA production were estimated to be 0.016 mg/ml and 0.010 mg/ml for Citrobacter spp. and Clostridium spp. respectively. The identified bacterial genus could be cultured commercially for the extraction of tyrosinase enzyme used for L-DOPA production. Further research should be carried out for the molecular level of identification of the isolates.

  Physicochemical characteristics of water were studied during March 2016 to April 2016 from the Gaula River at Kichha. The water samples were collected from 3 stations with in the stretch of one kilometer at weekly interval. The water temperature was almost in increasing order from day 0 to day 56 and ranged between 16.61°C and 20.05°C. The pH recorded during the investigation was between 7.37 and 7.58 mg/I and found within the desirable limits for fish growth. The dissolved oxygen concentration recorded between 5.81 to 1.86 mg/I. The value of free carbon dioxide was varied between 1.03 and 3.01 mg/I and was suitable for the survival of aquatic organisms. The total alkalinity values were moderate to high i.e. range between 108.80 and 161.20 mg/I. The total alkalinity showed mean annual values of bicarbonate and carbonate alkalinity respectively, were higher during 42 day of investigation. The finding from the study did not indicate any types of threats to the fauna and flora of the river during the research period. However it is also desirable to analyze the characteristics of water from Gaula River dunng other months and at regular interval.

  Present investigation has been carried to measure the Cognitive Index (Cgnlnx) of Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes of Jammu and Kashmir with respect to the scientific livestock management practices. Gujjar tribes predominantly rear buffaloes whereas，Bakarwals rear sheep and goats. Cognitive Index (Cgnlnx) has been conceptualized as an individual’s knowhow and; proficiency in reasoning and problem solving in livestock management. Findings reveal that majority of the nomadic tribes (53.75%) had medium level of Cognitive Index (Cgnlnx). The overall value of Cognitive Index (Cgnlnx) for both the Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes has been found to be 50.10 respectively leading to the 49.90 percent gap in the Cognitive Index (GpCgnlnx).

 Good water quality is very essential for survival of aquatic organisms. The best possible fish production is entirely dependent on the physical, chemical & biological conditions of water to the most extent. Therefore, successful pond management is required to consider good water quality. Water quality is determined by variables like turbidity, temperature, DO, COD, transparency, TDS, pH, alkalinity, nitrate, BOD, Phosphates and microphytes population etc. as they may directly or indirectly affect its quality and consequently its suitability for the distribution and production of fish and other aquatic animals. The present study was carried out in the Khop taal for the assessment of fish diversity, macrophytes and microphytes in relation to water quality of the pond. At present, water to Chhatarpur town is being supplied mainly from Khop taal Tank which is managed by Public Health Department and Nagar Palika Parishad. The relationship analysis between two variables fish species and water quality parameters was carried out through Canonical Correspondence Analysis. CCAbiplot indicates that the fish species as Puntius sarana, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Rasbora daniconius, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Clarias batrachus, Channa punctatus, C. striatus and C. ranga show positive correlation with the water quality parameters like Nitrates, BOD, DO, pH, turbidity and phosphates and the negative correlation with water temperature. However the fish species Chanda ranga, Puntius chola, Cyprinus carpio, Notoptrus notopterus and Channa marulius show negative correlation with Nitrates, Phosphates BOD and turbidity.